ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, LAW AND THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25245/rdspp.v9i1.800Keywords:
Agenda 2030, Artificial intelligence, Sustainable developmentAbstract
This paper has the following research problem: how can Artificial Intelligence (AI) contribute to the achievement of the goals of Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development? In order to satisfy the problem, the first section aims to address the relationship between AI and SDG. Among the objectives that can be most influenced by technologies, both positively and negatively, are the SDG's that have water, health, agriculture, and education as their guideline. This approach will be achieved through the description and demonstration of reports provided by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The second section of the report criticizes the reduction or eradication of adverse effects that AI can have on society. A case study from countries such as China, the United Kingdom, and Canada is used as a guideline since they have a strong influence on the scenario addressed. To this end, deductive and integrated research methods are used, as well as the technique of case study research. In the end, it is shown that AI is an essential factor in the equation posed by Agenda 2030, provided it is duly observed and regulated. Bibliographical research and the integrated research method will be usedReferences
BAINS, N. S.; VIDAL, F. Canada-France Statement on Artificial Intelligence. 2018. DisponÃvel em: https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/europe/2018-06-07-france_ai-ia_france.aspx?lang=eng Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
BESOLD, T.R., UCKELMAN, S.L. The what, the why, and the how of artificial explanations in automated decision-making. DisponÃvel em: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.07074.pdf. Acesso em. 22 abr. 2020.
BISSIO, R. Vector of hope, source of fear. Spotlight on Sustainable Development. Chapter 3, p. 77-86, 2018. DisponÃvel em: https://www.2030spotlight.org/sites/default/files/spot2018/chaps/Spotlight_Innenteil_2018_chapter3_bissio.pdf. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2020.
BOLUKBASI, T., Chang, K. W., ZOU, J. Y., SALIGRAMA, V. & KALAI, A. T. Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 29, p. 4349–4357, 2016. DisponÃvel em: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.06520.pdf. Acesso em 21 abr 2020.
BREWSTER, S. Wilting shrubs? Diagnose plant diseases with an app. MIT Technology Review. 2016. DisponÃvel em: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602792/wilting-shrubs-diagnose-plant-diseases-with-an-app/ Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
BRYNJOLFSSON, E. & MCAFEE, A. The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.
CHANG, Daniel. Concept-Oriented Deep Learning. 2018. DisponÃvel em: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1806/1806.01756.pdf. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
CHUCK, Gill. Artificial intelligence could help farmers diagnose crop diseases. 2017. DisponÃvel em: http://news.psu.edu/story/429727/2016/10/04/research/artificial-intelligence-couldhelp-farmers-diagnose-crop-diseases Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
COCKBURN, I., HENDERSON, R. & STERN, S. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation (NBER, 2018). https://doi.org/10.3386/w24449.
COURTLAND, R. Bias detectives: the researchers striving to make algorithms fair. Nature. 558, p. 357-360, 2018. DisponÃvel em: https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-018-05469-3/d41586-018-05469-3.pdf. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2020.
DING, J. How China Seeks to Govern AI. Medium. September 5, 2018. DisponÃvel em https://medium.com/@ChallengesFnd/how-china-seeks-togovern- ai-baf1c0cd1a54 Acesso em 20 abr. 2020.
DIVINO, S. B. S. Reflexiones escépticas, principiológicas y económicas sobre el consentimiento necesario para la recolección y tratamiento de datos. Derecho PUCP, 83, 179 - 206, 29 nov. 2019. DisponÃvel em: <https://doi.org/10.18800/derechopucp.201902.006>. Acesso em: 20. abr. 2020.
FAGGELLA, Daniel. In EDWARDS, Martin R.; EDWARDS, Kristen. Predictive HR Analytics: mastering the HR metric. New York: Kogan Page, 2019.
FORBES. The world richiest in 2020. DisponÃvel em https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ Acesso em: 21 abr. 2020.
FRANCESCATO, D. Globalization, artificial intelligence, social networks and political polarization: new challenges for community psychologists. Commun. Psychol. Glob. Perspect. 4, p. 20–41, 2018. http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/cpgp/article/viewFile/17684/15882
FRIEDLER, S. A. et., al. A comparative study of fairness-enhancing interventions in machine learning. Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, January 2019 Pages 329–338. DisponÃvel em: https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287589. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2020.
FUSO NERINI, F.; SLOB, A.; ERICSDOTTER ENGSTRÖM, R.; TRUTNEVYTE, E. A Research and Innovation Agenda for Zero-Emission European Cities. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061692
GORALSKI, Margareth A.; TAN, Tay Keong. Artificial intelligence and sustainable development. The International Journal of Management Education. Vol. 18, 2020, p. 5
HALLER, S.; KARNOUSKOS, S.; SCHROTH, C. The Internet of Things in an Enterprise Context. Vienna: Springer, 2008.
HELBING, D. & POURNARAS, E. Society: build digital democracy. Nature 527, p. 33–34, 2015. DisponÃvel em: https://www.nature.com/news/polopoly_fs/1.18690!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/527033a.pdf Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
HELBING D. et al. Will Democracy Survive Big Data and Artificial Intelligence?. In: Towards Digital Enlightenment. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2019. DisponÃvel em: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90869-4_7 Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
HOROWITZ, Ellis; SAHNI, Sartaj. Fundamentals of Data Structures. New York: W H Freeman & Co, 1983.
IM’NOVATION. DisponÃvel em: https://www.imnovation-hub.com/society/types-of-smart-sensors-applied-to-agriculture/#0 Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
INTERNET LIVE STATUS. Google Search Statistics. 2020. DisponÃvel em: https://www.internetlivestats.com/google-search-statistics/. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2020.
LEE, Kai-Fu. Inteligência Artificial. Rio de Janeiro: Globo Livros, 2019.
LEE, Kai-Fu. 'The Algorithm Will See You Now'. AISuperpowers. 2019. DisponÃvel em: https://aisuperpowers.com/blog/kai-fu-lee Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
LOHR, S. From agriculture to art – the AI wave sweeps in. New York Times, Business Day. 2019. DisponÃvel em: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/business/from-agriculture-to-art-the-ai-wave-sweeps-in.html Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
LYNCH, Shana. Andrew Ng: Why AI Is the New Electricity. Stanford Business. 2017. DisponÃvel em: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/andrew-ng-why-ai-new-electricity Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
MOKYR, J. Secular Stagnation? Not in Your Life. In: TEULINGS, C.; BALDWIN, R. Secular Stagnation: Facts, Causes and Cures. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, CEPR, 2014, p. 88.
PAYSA. Microsoft Senior Hardware Engineer Salaries. DisponÃvel em: https://www.paysa.com/salaries/microsoft--senior-hardware-engineer. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2020.
MONTREAL. Montréal Declaration for a Responsible Development of Artificial Intelligence. 2020. DisponÃvel em: https://www.montrealdeclaration-responsibleai.com/ Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
NAGANO, Aki. Economic Growth and Automation Risks in Developing Countries Due to the Transition Toward Digital Modernity. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. Galway, Ireland, 2018, p. 42-50. DisponÃvel em: https://doi.org/10.1145/3209415.3209442 Acesso em: 21 abr. 2020.
NAGLER, J., VAN DEN HOVEN, J. & HELBING, D. in HELBING D. (org). Towards Digital Enlightenment. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2019, p. 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90869-4_5.
O’CONNOR, Marry Catherine. How AI Could Smarten Up Our Water System. Medium. 2017. DisponÃvel em: https://medium.com/s/ai-for-good/how-ai-could-smarten-up-our-water-system-f965b87f355a Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
OECD (2017) Science, Technology and Innovation Scoreboard 2017: the Digital Transformation. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
PNUD. O que são os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável? DisponÃvel em: https://www.br.undp.org/content/brazil/pt/home/sustainable-development-goals.html. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
PNUD. Plataforma Agenda 2030. DisponÃvel em: http://www.agenda2030.org.br/sobre/. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
POLIDO, FabrÃcio Bertini Pasquot. Inteligência artificial entre estratégias nacionais e a corrida regulatória global: rotas analÃticas para uma releitura internacionalista e comparada. Rev. Fac. Direito UFMG, Belo Horizonte, n. 76, pp. 229-256, jan./jun. 2020. DisponÃvel em: https://www.direito.ufmg.br/revista/index.php/revista/article/view/2067/1931 Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
RASP, Stephan; PRITCHARD, Michael S; GENTINE, Pierre. Deep learning to represent subgrid processes in climate models. PNAS. Vol. 115, n. 39, p. 9684-9689. DisponÃvel em: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810286115. https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/39/9684.full.pdf Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
RODOTÀ, Stefano. A vida na sociedade da vigilância: a privacidade hoje. Tradução de Danilo Doneda e Luciana Cabral Doneda. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2008.
RUSSELL, Stuart. J.; NORVIG, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach. 3. ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2010, p. VIII.
SEARLE, J. Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Vol. 3, n. 3. 1980, p. 417-424.
SÉVIGNY, B. Québec lays the groundwork for a world observatory on the social impacts of artificial intelligence and digital Technologies. 2018. DisponÃvel em: http://www.scientifique-en-chef.gouv.qc.ca/en/nouvelles/quebec-jette-bases-dun-observatoire-mondial-impacts-societaux-de-lintelligence-artificielle-numerique/ Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
STARK Luke, PYLYSHYN, Zenon W. Artificial Intelligence (AI), cit.; ‘Here’s how Canada can be a global leader in ethical AI’. In: The Conversation. February 22, 2018. DisponÃvel em https://theconversation.com/heres-how-canada-can-be-a-global-leader-in-ethical-ai-90991. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
UNESCO, Artificial intelligence for sustainable development: challenges and opportunities for UNESCO’s science and engineering programmes. 2019.
UNESCO. Canada first to adopt strategy for artificial intelligence. 2018. DisponÃvel em: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/single-view/news/canada_first_to_adopt_strategy_for_artificial_intelligence/ Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
UNESCO, Towards a monopolization of research in artificial intelligence? Natural Sciences Sector. 20 de julho de 2018. DisponÃvel em: www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/sciencetechnology/single-view-sc-policy/news/towards_a_monopolization_of_research_in_artificial_ intellige Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
UNITED KINGDOM. AI Sector Deal One Year On. 2019. DisponÃvel em: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/819331/AI_Sector_Deal_One_Year_On__Web_.pdf Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
UNITED KINGDOM. Government response to House of Lords Artificial Intelligence Select Committee’s Report on AI in the UK: Ready, Willing and Able? 2018. https://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-committees/Artificial-Intelligence/AI-Government-Response2.pdf
VILLARS, R. L.; EASTWOOD, M.; OLOFSON, C. W. Big Data: What it is and Why You should care. White Paper. IDC: Analyze the Future. 2011. DisponÃvel em: http://www.admin-magazine.com/HPC/content/download/5604/49345/file/IDC_Big%20Data_whitepaper_final.pdf Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
VINUESA, R., AZIZPOUR, H., LEITE, I. et al. The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Commun 11, 233 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14108-y
WEGREN SK. The “left behindâ€: Smallholders in contemporary Russian agriculture. Journal of Agrarian Change, v. 18, n .4, p. 913-925, 2018. DisponÃvel em: https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12279. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2020.
WWWF. Artificial Intelligence: the Road Ahead in Low and Middle-Income Countries. World Wide Web Foundation. 2017. DisponÃvel em: https://webfoundation.org/docs/2017/07/AI_Report_WF.pdf Acesso em: 20 abr. 2020.
YOUTUBE. DisponÃvel em: https://www.youtube.com/intl/en-GB/about/press/. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2020.
ZANITELLI, Leandro Martins. Direito privado, justiça distributiva e o argumento da dupla distorção: uma revisão da literatura. Revista Brasileira de PolÃticas Públicas, BrasÃlia, v. 5, nº 1, 2015 p. 317- 33.
ZLIOBAITE, I. Measuring discrimination in algorithmic decision making. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, v. 31, p. 1060–1089, 2017. DisponÃvel em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-017-0506-1 Acesso em 21 abr. 2020.
