Revista Direitos Sociais e Políticas Públicas (UNIFAFIBE)

GENOCIDE AND NECROPOLITICS:

Bárbara Reis, Lenice Kelner, Sabrina Lehnen Stoll — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to analyze the crisis faced by Brazilian indigenous peoples, with an emphasis on recent reports from 2023 on more than 570 child deaths in the last five years in Yanomami villages, caused by malaria and other preventable diseases, worsened by malnutrition. The central problem of the research is: to what extent have the fundamental rights of indigenous people, guaranteed by the Federal Constitution, been systematically denied, resulting in a silent, progressive and effective massacre, configuring itself as necropolitics in the Brazilian scenario? The initial hypothesis, based on data and the bibliography consulted, is that Brazilian indigenous people are being subjected to a form of genocide with a necropolitical bias. To achieve the general objective, the research has the following specific objectives: a) analyze, based on existing studies, the deaths of Brazilian indigenous people, focusing on the Yanomami Peoples; b) evaluate public policies and institutional responses that failed to mitigate the crisis and the consequences of necropolitical practices on the lives and health of indigenous peoples and their implications for social justice and human rights. Regarding methodological aspects, the theoretical work observed the hypothetical-deductive method of approach, through the procedure of bibliographical and documentary research with indirect data collection and legal interpretation with a sociological bias.

SEGURIDADE SOCIAL

Letícia Joana Müller, Rosana Helena Maas — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Considering that since 2017 the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has consolidated the possibility of direct justiciability of Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights through article 26 of the American Convention on Human Rights, including the right to social security, this article focuses on investigating the minimum standards set by the Inter-American Court regarding this right. From this perspective, the aim is to answer the following question: what are the minimum standards set by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights with regard to social security? To this end, a deductive approach and an analytical procedure were adopted, as well as bibliographical and jurisprudential research techniques. It emerges that there are four (4) cases judged by the Inter-American Court on social security, in which the following standards have been outlined: right to access to pensions; adequate value and duration of benefits; respect for the principles of availability and accessibility; coverage of social risks and contingencies; benefits at a sufficient level; punctuality of payments; mechanisms for contestation and access to justice; and the contribution of the right to social security to strengthening the exercise of other Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights.

The CONSTITUTIONAL EROSION OF THE RIGHT TO THE CITY AND NEOLIBERALISM IN PUBLIC POLICIES

Ítalo, Pacelli — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Public policies relating to the right to the city often involve legislation not adapting to Brazil's neoliberal reality. And recently, actions that dialogue with the neoliberal ethos have helped, even more, with the inflexibility of urban policies. Therefore, based on the thesis of constitutional erosion of ongoing housing policies, this article aims to bring together actions in this process that touch on the right to the city. To this end, the approach method is deductive, with a qualitative procedure and direct and indirect documentation as a research technique. In the end, the existence of constitutional erosion that affects Brazilian democratic quality is proven. Thus labeled as a political, economic and cultural process that is based on neoliberalism and the conservative nature of Brazil, it ends up helping to dismantle the current urban policies provided for in the City Statute.

PUBLIC POLICIES FOR COMBATING GENDERED WEIGHT-BASED VIOLENCE IN BRAZIL AND SPAIN

Taís Prass Cardoso, Jacinta Sidegum Renner, Leonor María Cantera Espinosa — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes public policies aimed at addressing Gendered Weight-Based Violence (GWV) in Brazil and Spain, seeking to identify convergences, divergences, and possible contributions to the formulation of efficient public policies for building social justice with an intersectional perspective. This is a basic, descriptive observational research, and from the standpoint of technical procedures, it is bibliographical and documentary, with a qualitative focus in its analysis and discussion. The results indicated that in the Spanish context, the existence of public policies such as the Action Plan Against Aesthetic Pressure, seminars, and training sessions focused on raising awareness and combating aesthetic pressure and weight-based stigma represent initial and pioneering advancements in the country. In Brazil, the analysis of legislation reveals specific and recognition-oriented progress, highlighting laws that establish dates for combating weight-based stigma but also significant gaps in the intersectional approach to the problem. Considering the dimensions of redistribution, recognition, and representation of social justice, it was concluded that, despite differences in the level of articulation of their public policies, both countries face common challenges but also demonstrate advancements that can inspire and motivate pathways to addressing GWV.

A IMPORTÂNCIA DA CORREGEDORIA PARA OS ALCANCE DO PRINCÍPIO DA EFICIÊNCIA NA APLICAÇÃO DE MEDIDAS SOCIOEDUCATIVAS DE INTERNAÇÃO PELO INSTITUTO DE ATENDIMENTO SOCIOEDUCATIVO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO (IASES)

Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article proposes an analysis of how the Internal Affairs Department of the Instituto de Atendimento Socioeducativo do Espírito Santo (IASES) can break with the idea of mere punishment to that of an institutional apparatus of efficiency in the application of socio-educational hospitalization measures. A bibliographical examination was carried out on the historical trajectory of the Fundamental Rights and Guarantees of Children and Adolescents, in accordance with the focus of adolescents in conflict with the law - highlighting the distinction between the doctrine of irregular protection, originating from the 1967 Minors Code and the principle of full protection provided for by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the Child and Adolescent Statute - as well as the guidelines of the National Socio-Educational Service System (SINASE) which gave rise to IASES to, in the end, explain the principle of efficiency and correctional activity. I conclude that there is a need for greater coverage and visibility of this content, especially for public servants linked to IASES.

Gênero e Poder nas Centrais Sindicais

Dalton Tria Cusciano — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the representation of women in leadership positions within Brazilian trade union centers lacking collegial governance at the end of 2024. It begins by observing that despite extensive national and international regulations promoting gender equality, women's participation in positions of power, particularly within the trade union movement, remains limited. This exploratory research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and descriptive quantitative analysis. Data was collected through a documentary survey of statistical panels from the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) and the institutional websites of the labor unions. Nine trade unions registered with the MTE, representing 75% of all active entities, were analyzed.The central research question is: What percentage of women hold the positions of president and vice president in Brazilian trade unions without collegial power by the end of 2024? The hypothesis posits that this percentage is significantly lower than that of men due to structural and institutional barriers hindering women's advancement to union leadership.The results reveal that only one woman held the presidency of a trade union center out of 18 analyzed mandates, representing a mere 5% of the total. Regarding vice-presidencies, 80% were held by men and only 20% by women. These figures contrast sharply with the broader labor market, where women constitute 42% of the workforce and comprised a larger proportion of union members than men in 2022.The article discusses the persistent institutional and structural barriers, such as the glass ceiling and the care barrier, as well as the enduring influence of gender stereotypes that impede women's progress into positions of power. It argues that the low representation of women in union leadership positions undermines the effectiveness of efforts to achieve gender equality in the labor market. Finally, the article emphasizes the need for a reformulation of internal union practices and concrete measures to ensure greater inclusion of women in decision-making roles.

O SURGIMENTO E A EXPANSÃO DAS COMUNIDADES TERAPÊUTICAS NO BRASIL

Nataly Isabelle Pessoa da Silva Pinto, Terçália Suassuna Vaz Lira — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Este artigo analisa o surgimento e a expansão das Comunidades Terapêuticas no Brasil. Para isso, recorre à revisão bibliográfica e à pesquisa documental. Identifica-se que o surgimento e a expansão das Comunidades Terapêuticas no Brasil estão profundamente relacionados às condições conjunturais do país. O surgimento ocorreu em um contexto de vazio assistencial no campo da saúde mental, fruto do descompromisso de um Estado periférico e dependente. A expansão vem ocorrendo em um cenário de permanência dos limites dos serviços públicos de saúde/saúde mental, que, por sua vez, têm como fundamentos os limites do fundo público brasileiro diante da estrutura do ciclo do capital da nossa economia dependente e periférica, da hegemonia do neoliberalismo e do conservadorismo.

Migration and health in Latin America

Líria Bettiol, Óscar Domingos, Luan Piovani — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study sought to analyze the migratory legislation of Spanish-speaking South American countries, to identify how they contemplate access to public health services for individuals on the move. The methodology defined for examining the legislative frameworks was documentary and content analysis, using the historical-legal perspective to explain qualitative changes that have occurred with the introduction of new legal pieces governing migration policies. It was possible to determine that South American countries have undergone changes in their migration legislation since the beginning of the 21st century, abandoning the perspective centered on national security and adopting a migration policy centered on human rights. The paradigm shift in regulations does not mean that countries have effectively discarded securitist visions from their political agenda on migration, and restrictive measures remain in place. At times, there are attacks on migrants, characterizing a duality of interpretations that oscillate between the perspective of human rights and that of national security, restricting the rights of people on the move.

THE AWARD OF THE QUALISRUA SCHOLARSHIP THROUGH LAW 14,821 OF 2024 AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR EFFECTING PUBLIC POLICIES FOR HOMELESS PEOPLE

Suelen Maiara dos Santos Alécio, Ivan Dias da Motta — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present work aims to identify the main public policies to promote homelessness and explore the policy recently published in January 2024 through law 14,821, called the QualisRua scholarship. To this end, the article was prepared using the hypothetical deductive method, identifying people living on the streets in general, comparing these with national counting data, seeking to identify public policies and the construction of these rumors to protect people in situations of homelessness. street, and then specifically work with the QualisRua public policy granted through the aforementioned law. As a methodological path, a bibliographical review and review of Brazilian legislation are carried out, with the research of theses, books, articles, reports, decrees and laws. As a result, it appears that a homeless person is an extremely vulnerable group, which requires public investment, especially with regard to public educational policies. Through law 14,821 of 2024, the aim is to qualify homeless people, promoting greater education and guaranteeing jobs.

JUDICIALIZAÇÃO DA SAÚDE SUPLEMENTAR NOS JUIZADOS ESPECIAIS CÍVEIS

Maria Rita Freitas Claudino, Adailson Pinho de Araújo, Lorna Beatriz de Araújo — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Health is a social right established in the Federal Constitution. In certain cases, access to this guarantee is denied to individuals, leading to recourse to the Judiciary for conflict resolution—a phenomenon known as the judicialization of health. Against this backdrop, the present study focuses on the judicialization of supplementary health care within the Special Civil Courts of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, between the years 2022 and 2023, with the aim of identifying its causes and motivations, as well as the key actors involved in the disputes and their outcomes. Through an empirical research effort of an exploratory nature and a mixed-method approach, data were collected from case files in the Electronic Judicial Process (PJe) system at the first instance of the Rio Grande do Norte Court of Justice (TJRN). For data analysis, a dataset was created with 22 variables, which revealed that requests for treatment authorization represent the primary claims made by beneficiaries. The female gender played a prominent role in initiating lawsuits, while Unimed and Hapvida emerged as the most frequently sued health plan operators. The high rate of decisions favoring beneficiaries underscores the supremacy of the right to life over the economic interests of the operators. The Special Civil Courts demonstrated efficiency in less complex cases, particularly with respect to the granting of preliminary injunctions. For future research, it is proposed that comparative analyses be conducted on the judicialization of supplementary health care in both the Special Civil Courts and the Civil Courts, in order to assess which jurisdiction is more effective in resolving conflicts within this sphere.

DISTINCTIONS AND SINGULARITIES BETWEEN THE CONDOMINIUM MODALITIES OF THE CIVIL CODE AND THE URBAN LAND REGULARIZATION LAW

Sthéfano Divino — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Urban Land Regularization Law incorporated legal, urban planning, environmental and social measures aimed at incorporating informal urban centers into urban territory and the property of their occupants. Among the innovations introduced are the Condominium of Plots and the Simple Urban Condominium. These innovations have raised some questions. One of them focuses on their assimilation with institutes that already exist in Civil Law, especially the Building Condominium. Thus, the research problem of this article lies in the following question: what are the singular and unitary aspects relating to the Condominium of Plots and the Simple Urban Condominium that differentiate them from or equate them to the condominium modalities already regulated by civil law? A critical comparative study is presented focusing on the concept, legal nature, registration and constitutive aspects of these institutes. In addition, the normative provisions of the Simple Urban Condominium are analyzed, taking into account the Controlled Access Allotment modality. It can be seen that the main distinctions between the institutes under analysis lie in legal representation, the type of registration that will be carried out, the share relating to the acquisition of land when the condominium is established, as well as the transformation of common public areas into private areas. Moreover, there are different practical results: while the traditional modalities focus on private business aspects, the institutes brought in by Law 13.465/2017 significantly alter the public sphere with regard to land reorganization. To this end, the integrated research method and bibliographic research technique are used.

THE SUSTAINABILITY REQUIRED FOR PUBLIC SERVICE CONTRACTIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE NEW BIDDING LAW AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTS.

Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The search for sustainability has been a central concern in several sectors of global society, including the government sphere. In Brazil, in particular, the New Bidding and Contracts Law (Law nº 14,133/2021), offers important advances about the promotion of sustainable and innovative practices in the scope of public contracts and purchases. It is analyzed how the new legislation incorporated aspects of sustainability so that public contracts began to encourage changes in the behavior of companies supplying goods and services, and what challenges persist in this context. To this end, qualitative, descriptive, theoretical and legislative research was carried out, based on bibliographical surveys, articles published in specialized virtual scientific journals and judged. It also addresses the main theoretical and normative frameworks of sustainable development, and for a better perception of the implementation of sustainability in the New Bidding Law (NLLC), concrete situations will be presented (carried out in different federal spheres and which are referred to as successful experiences of sustainable hiring and commercial practices), in an attempt to answer whether it is really possible to promote sustainability in public tenders and understand how sustainability can contribute to improving people's quality of life.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION FLOW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE

Fábio Henrique Angelo dos Santos, Luana Maia Woida, Rúbia Martins — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this study was to examine which characteristics are attributed to the use of the term environment information flow in Brazilian Information Science. To this end, a bibliographical research was carried out with a reading guide based on the categories: definition of environmental information; access to environmental information; environmental information flow. In addition, a qualitative approach was used with data collection in scientific databases, adopting the search term “environmental information flow”. The results indicated a scarcity of research on the concept in Information Science, which suggests a gap to be discussed regarding the relationship between information flow and environmental issues. It also indicates that the term environmental information needs a specific definition for the area. It is concluded that there is a need to expand studies on the flow of environmental information in Information Science, verifying the types of environmental information and its conceptualization, the participants in the information flow, the types and role of environmental information sources, the reliability of this information and access constitute some of the themes that approach the interests of the area.

RETRATO SOCIOAMBIENTAL DO PLANO DE LOGÍSTICA SUSTENTÁVEL (2021-2026) CUMPRIDO PELO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTIÇA DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS

Fabíola Carolina Ferreira da Rocha , Eumar Evangelista de Menezes Júnior — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Este artigo realiza um levantamento e caracteriza os resultados socioambientais alcançados com a implementação do Plano de Logística Sustentável (PLS 2021-2026) pelo Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Goiás (TJGO). O Plano foi criado conforme disposto pelas Resoluções nº 201/2015 e nº 400/2021 do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) e visa promover práticas de sustentabilidade no Poder Judiciário. Para o êxito da pesquisa foi utilizado método dedutivo instrumentalizado pelos procedimentos documental e bibliográfico. Nesse sentido o artigo foi escrito a partir de documentos institucionais do TJGO e literatura especializada levantada em periódicos qualificados. O trabalho, nesse contexto, apresenta um retrato confirmatório de que o PLS aplicado pelo TJGO alcançou progressos socioambientais relevantes nos seus três primeiros anos de execução (2021, 2022, 2023), sendo destaque a redução expressiva no uso de papel e a substituição de copos descartáveis por opções reutilizáveis. O estudo abre portas a outros trabalhos dirigidos a análise e/ou monitoramento dos resultados preteridos pela agenda e alcançado pelo PLS (2021-2026).

DIGITAL INEQUALITY AS A NEW EXPRESSION OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Dirceu Pereira Siqueira, Luiza Schiavon Girolimetto — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present research analyzes digital inequality as a new expression of social inequality in Brazil. The general objective is to highlight the main impacts of digital exclusion on access to education and on the development of personality rights of students in public school systems. Specifically, the study addresses the landscape of digital inequality in public education and its relationship with social exclusion, as well as the effects of this reality on the right to education and the rights of personality. The central research problem consists of the following question: in what way does digital inequality constitute a new form of social inequality in the country, and how does it compromise the right to education and personality rights? The research employs the deductive method, using the technique of systematic literature review and documentary analysis of public education policies from 2020 to 2024. The sources also include scientific articles and specialized works obtained from databases such as the CAPES Journal Portal, Scielo, and EBSCOhost. The study concludes that the lack of access to technology and quality internet, especially in peripheral regions and vulnerable communities, deepens historical inequalities and undermines learning, intellectual autonomy, and citizenship. Despite the implementation of public policies, the desired objective has not yet been achieved, making it necessary to adopt measures such as stricter oversight, training of teachers and staff, prioritization of investments, and regular maintenance of equipment. Digital inequality exacerbates social exclusion, directly affecting the formation of identity and the realization of personality rights, such as dignity, freedom, and moral and intellectual development.

LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO NA META PLAFORMS

Sebastião Sérgio da Silveira, Sérgio Martin Piovesan de Oliveira — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Em janeiro de 2025, a Meta Platforms, Inc. mudou sua política de discurso de ódio para permitir publicações que aleguem doença mental ou anormalidade baseadas em gênero ou orientação sexual, desde que sejam parte de discursos políticos e religiosos. Por meio do método analítico-dedutivo da dogmática jurídica, o presente trabalho analisa essa política, destacando o conflito entre a liberdade de expressão e a proteção dos direitos humanos de transgêneros e homossexuais. Afirma-se que o poder econômico pretende impor discursos de dominação estrangeiros na soberania digital brasileira. A solução proposta é criar um ambiente digital que proteja à liberdade de expressão, evite discursos de ódio e desinformação, e promova à dignidade da pessoa humana. As empresas de tecnologia devem ser responsabilizadas por produtos inseguros e políticas internas que permitam discriminação, desinformação e discursos de ódio, sem necessidade de ordem judicial.

DERECHO PROCESAL CONVENCIONAL INTERAMERICANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA

Merly Martínez Hernández — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Este artículo analiza la evolución, autonomía e importancia del Derecho Procesal Convencional Interamericano de los Derechos Humanos (DPCIDH) en América Latina, a partir de los trabajos de Alfonso Jaime Martínez Lazcano y debates académicos recientes. Se examina su surgimiento como disciplina autónoma, la necesidad de sistematizar sus procedimientos y principios, la distinción frente al derecho procesal constitucional, los principios fundamentales que lo rigen, el impacto en la educación jurídica y la cultura judicial, así como los desafíos actuales relacionados con la supremacía constitucional, el convencionalismo y la corrupción. El artículo concluye destacando la urgencia de adaptar la formación jurídica y la práctica judicial a los estándares internacionales para fortalecer la protección de los derechos humanos en la región.

DEBIDO PROCESO DE GRUPOS VULNERABLES

Juan Ángel Salinas Garza, Luis Gerardo Rodrígues Lozano — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Este artículo examina el debido proceso como herramienta esencial para garantizar el acceso a la justicia de grupos vulnerables en procedimientos judiciales. Los autores distinguen entre elementos esenciales del debido proceso, aplicables a todos los procesos, y elementos especiales, necesarios para equilibrar las desventajas de partes débiles como menores, personas con discapacidad, mujeres en situación de violencia, trabajadores y migrantes. La investigación argumenta que la igualdad formal ante la ley es insuficiente para proporcionar acceso efectivo a la justicia. Propone implementar acciones afirmativas que generen "igualdad de armas" procesal, compensando las desigualdades mediante garantías adicionales del debido proceso especial. El estudio identifica la ausencia de regulación legislativa específica para estos derechos especiales, lo que obliga a aplicar control de constitucionalidad para su reconocimiento. Los autores concluyen que es necesario actualizar las normatividades procesales para incluir expresamente estas garantías equilibradoras y lograr una protección más efectiva de los derechos humanos, asegurando que las vulnerabilidades no constituyan barreras para el acceso pleno a la justicia.

DIMENSIÓN PROBATORIA Y CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA ACCIÓN DE TUTELA EN EL ORDENAMIENTO JURÍDICO COLOMBIANO

Fernando Luna Salas, Diana Peña Cuellar, Camilo Andrés Dávila Peña — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

El presente artículo de reflexión tiene como propósito analizar los elementos estructurales y constitutivos del derecho procesal constitucional colombiano, destacando especialmente aquellos que se relacionan con el derecho probatorio y su articulación dentro del marco más amplio del constitucionalismo. Para ello, se desarrollarán cinco ejes temáticos fundamentales, abordados desde una metodología jurídica dogmática o básica, centrada en el estudio sistemático de postulados, principios, hipótesis y fundamentos jurídicos, con base en el análisis empírico de jurisprudencia constitucional colombiana y comparada. Entre los hallazgos preliminares, se advierte que los jueces —y en particular los jueces de tutela— no fundamentan sus decisiones bajo un enfoque consolidado de derecho procesal constitucional ni probatorio constitucional. En su lugar, suelen recurrir a los parámetros probatorios previstos en los procedimientos ordinarios, según la jurisdicción aplicable, lo que revela una necesidad urgente de integrar enfoques más coherentes con el carácter excepcional, garantista y flexible de la tutela.

EL DERECHO LABORAL FRENTE AL POSTRABAJO

Carlos Francisco García Salas — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

El presente artículo tiene la finalidad de analizar cómo la inteligencia artificial (IA), en especial las plataformas digitales, está impactando profundamente en el derecho al trabajo, al proponer nuevas relaciones ajenas a las legislaciones laborales, pues lo poco que se ha legislado no constituye una verdadera protección para un trabajo digno. En ese sentido, se analiza la Ley Rider de 2024 de la Unión Europea (UE) y de algunos países latinoamericanos, al igual que la intención de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) de elaborar una normatividad sobre el trabajo decente en la economía de las plataformas, según las conferencias de 2025 y 2026 sobre el trabajo. Igualmente, se analiza el papel que debe jugar el derecho laboral colectivo ante estas formas de trabajo, donde resulta necesario unir fuerzas con las cooperativas para defender el trabajo decente.

JUDICIAL LEGAL DEFENSE SYSTEMS

Dmytro Slinko, Fernando de Brito Alves, Sergey Slinko — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of judicial systems of legal defense across various legal traditions, focusing on Europe and Brazil. It delves into the pivotal role of the bar in criminal proceedings, examining its organizational structure and operational dynamics. The study contrasts the French-English and Austrian-German bar systems, elucidating their distinct approaches to legal defense and courtroom representation. Moreover, the article explores how historical and cultural contexts shape procedural guarantees and the autonomy of legal representatives. It underscores the lawyer's critical role in upholding fair trial standards and safeguarding human rights, particularly through their involvement in evidence gathering and evaluation during criminal proceedings. The theoretical and practical insights presented contribute to a deeper understanding of legal defense mechanisms, paving the way for future research in judicial systems and human rights practices across diverse legal frameworks.